A review of regional regulations, in order to analyze some case studies and to understand what-how-when you can start making
In a previous post I drew a picture of the main problems that afflict the production of energy from renewable sources, highlighting that, at present, not the multicolored puzzle Italian law allows you to define a coherent energy and environmental policy and perspective. In a word: sustainable.
Before getting into the discussion of regional regulations, in order to analyze some case studies and to understand how what-when-you can begin to do (and not just say) "something sustainable," it is important to understand what is il quadro costituzionale all’interno del quale le normative regionali – emanate, è bene ricordarlo, in modo disorganico, a causa della perdurante e quasi compiaciuta mancanza di linee guida nazionali – sono state promulgate.
Com’è noto, la legge costituzionale n. 3/2001 ha modificato l’art. 117 della Costituzione, demandando alla competenza concorrente Stato-Regioni la materia “produzione, trasporto e distribuzione nazionale di energia”, in base alla quale, in sostanza, allo Stato spetta la determinazione dei principi fondamentali della disciplina, mentre le Regioni sono chiamate ad esercitare il proprio potere legislativo nel rispetto di tali principi.
In coerenza con this approach, the art. 12 of Legislative Decree 387/03, outlining the essential characteristics of the single procedure for granting authorizations for the construction and operation of plants fueled by renewable energy sources, it is limited to determining the fundamental principles of matter, that the regions must respected in the formulation of detailed regulations.
As mentioned, the lack of national guidelines has resulted in the birth and proliferation of a real "jungle law", and the situation today, it seems very nebulous.
The regions with special status, in fact, have made different choices with each other:
- in Sicily, Sardinia and Autonomous Province of Bolzano, for example, were not adopted specific regulations of the licensing procedure only;
- in the Autonomous Province of Trento, however, the Administration adopted a provisional rules of procedure unified
- in Friuli-Venezia-Giulia there is a system under which provinces, delegates from the region, I can sub-delegate certain functions to the municipalities of authorization;
- Valle d'Aosta, finally, is the only region to have governed the procedure for a single authorization.
Regarding the ordinary statute regions, close to those who have just passed legislation in the energy sector (Piedmont and Emilia Romagna, for example) ce ne sono altre che si sono limitate a determinare l’autorità competente (Lombardia, Veneto, Marche), e altre ancora, le rimanenti, che hanno dettato linee guida per lo svolgimento del procedimento unificato.
Il quadro appena descritto si complica ulteriormente se solo si considerano le difficoltà di “confinare” la maggior parte degli eventi, oggetto del diritto ambientale, in un preciso ambito territoriale, e l’impossibilità di regolare separatamente “libertà contrapposte” (come quella economica) o interessi connessi ma parzialmente divergenti (l’energia, la tutela della salute, il governo del territorio, la caccia, la pesca, la valorizzazione dei beni ambientali, tanto per citarne alcune), oggetto di potestà normative ripartite fra diversi livelli di competenza (esclusiva statale, regionale concorrente, regionale residuale).
Senza sottacere degli ostacoli connessi alle scelte politiche, le barriere di natura amministrativa, infrastrutturale, sociale, finanziaria, e l’elevato grado di conoscenze specialistiche in materie tecnico-scientifiche che sono richieste agli organi chiamati ad esplicarle.
Ma: cosa dice l’interpretazione costituzionale a proposito della divisione dei compiti energetico-ambientali fra Stato e Regioni, che crea così tante difficoltà applicative ed interpretative?
Nella sua evoluzione storica, la Corte Costituzionale ha guidelines ranged from hostile to the splitting of the regional environmental guidelines and - to use a technical term - to recognize the regions to a plurality of titles of legislative legitimacy ", in line with the knowledge that, meanwhile, was taking place: the environment should receive the maximum protection possible, regardless of the origin of the standards themselves.
So, over the years, Look has come to configure the environment as "good life", and complex material, an organic entity, whose discipline - which involves a primary public interest in constitutional and absolute, and must ensure , as required Community law, a high level of protection, such as mandatory by other rules of the sector - has been entrusted exclusively to the State, which should dictate "protection rules which relate to the whole and individual components considered parts of the whole. "
In these cases, the governing unit of the good overall environment, reconstruction exclusively to the State, take precedence over the one dictated by the Regions in their competence, and with reference to other interests: in essence, the environment functions as a limit to the legislation that the region called in other matters within their competence, so they can not in any way derogate from or worsen the level of protection environment established by the State.
Recently, the Constitutional Court, in relation to a regional legislation which contains provisions on energy (LR Basilicata, No. 9 / 2007) emphasized that "the art. 12, Section 10 of Legislative Decree no. 387, 2003 (link to first post) is to be considered an expression of state responsibility in environmental protection, as [...] has as chief purpose, to protect the landscape. The legislature, in fact, has explicitly ruled that the guidelines are aimed, in those farms, the landscape. The prevalence of landscape protection sought by the provision in question, does not preclude it, as inserted in the most comprehensive regulation to simplify procedures authorize the installation of systems powered by renewable sources, will also impact on other materials (production and delivery of energy, the government of the territory) attributed to the concurrent jurisdiction. "
Against this background, the Constitutional Court ruled that the presence of various legislative powers to the regions does not allow - precisely because the overriding interest of environmental protection intended by the provision state - to provide independently for the identification of criteria for the proper insertion in the landscape plants fueled by alternative energy sources.
Source: Andrea Quaranta on Green Magazine.
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